Voronezh

The first chronicle references to the word Voronezh are dated 1177, when Yaropolk, the prince of Ryazan, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archaeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh River (a tributary of the Don) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th to early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th to 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan. …

Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison—666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement (ostrog). In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya. …

The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include: Voronezh State University Voronezh State Technical University Voronezh State University of Architecture and Construction Voronezh State Pedagogical University Voronezh State Agricultural University Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko Voronezh State Academy of Arts Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov Voronezh State Institute of Physical Training Voronezh Institute of Russia's Home Affairs Ministry Voronezh Institute of High Technologies Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. …